![cannot use import statement outside a module cannot use import statement outside a module](https://i.stack.imgur.com/h0CF5.png)
Python’s import system works, but also with how it gets initialised. Quite likely to break if you try them, and the error messages won’t makeĪny sense if you’re not already intimately familiar not only with the way That’s right, that long list is of all the methods of invocation that are test_foo python - c "from _foo import main main()" py python project / example / tests / test_foo. test_foo python - c "from tests.test_foo import main main()" # working directory: project example / tests / test_foo. py python - m test_foo python - c "from test_foo import main main()" # working directory: project/example tests / test_foo.
CANNOT USE IMPORT STATEMENT OUTSIDE A MODULE CODE
# These commands will most likely *FAIL* due to problems with the way # the import state gets initialised, even if the test code is correct # working directory: project/example/tests. Tests inside package directories like this, and prefer a parallel hierarchy,īut I favour the ability to use explicit relative imports to keep module Layouts along these lines in my own projects - a lot of people hate nesting The command line by filename rather than using the -m switch.Ĭonsider a project & package layout like the following (I typically use package Happens automatically if you attempt to run a module inside a package from Unfortunately, this is still a really easy guideline to violate, as it With the site name, as described in the release notes).
![cannot use import statement outside a module cannot use import statement outside a module](https://user-images.githubusercontent.com/49890078/100245582-f61fd780-2f16-11eb-997b-d7a7e76a3737.png)
In version 1.4 (site-specific apps now always need to be fully qualified State, so this behaviour was eliminated from the default project layout Is a recipe for confusion if there is any meaningful mutable module level Namespace, and these are actually two different copies of the module. Up exactly this situation for site-specific applications - the applicationĮnds up being accessible as both app and site.app in the module Package (if the higher level directory containing the package itself isĪs an example, Django (up to and including version 1.3) used to be guilty of setting (since the directory is on sys.path) and as a submodule of the Now potentially accessible under two different names: as a top level module The reason this is problematic is that every module in that directory is This next trap exists in all current versions of Python, including 3.3, andĬan be summed up in the following general guideline: “Never add a packageĭirectory, or any directory inside a package, directly to the Python path”. Requests for clarification can be posted on BitBucket. The explanations with version details before 2.6.Īs with all my essays on this site, suggestions for improvement or Of it applies to earlier versions as well, but I won’t be qualifying any of This essay only officially covers Python versions back to Python 2.6.
![cannot use import statement outside a module cannot use import statement outside a module](https://i.stack.imgur.com/QE8i7.png)
On mailing lists and Q&A sites like Stack Overflow. Import system, there are quite a few common missteps that come up regularly Various backwards compatibility issues that can cause strange behaviour,Īnd may need to be understood in order to figure out how some third partyįurthermore, even without invoking any of the more exotic features of the Sys.path is initialised are still somewhat challenging to figure out.Įven though 3.3 cleaned up a lot of things, it still has to deal with Import semantics, and even following the release of 3.3, the details of how Release of Python 3.3, there was no comprehensive explanation of the expected Python’s import system is powerful, but also quite complicated. Traps for the Unwary in Python’s Import System ¶